Ismi Marhamah XII IPA 3: EXPLANATION TEXT

Part 1

A. Definition

Explanation Text is a text that is used to explain the way or process of something happening. especially those related to natural phenomena, the scientific world or socio-cultural. An explanation is written to explain how and why something in the world happens. It is about actions rather than about things. Explanation text serves to explain the process and causes of the occurrence of an event or a thing in detail.

The purpose of the Explanation Text:

Is to explain the processes the process that occurs in the formation of something or activities related to natural, social, scientific, cultural, and other phenomena that aims to explain why and how this happened.

B. Social Function :

An Explanation text is used to describe how and why a certain phenomenon happens

C. Generic Structure:

A Tittle that identifies the topic to be explained
AGeneral Statement
A sequenced Explanation ( a clear order about
how and why )
Closing / Concluding Statement

D. Linguistic Features:

Focused on general group rather than specific
Use a linking word like, in general , rather, for
instance
Use action verbs like breaks, erupts
Use Present tense
Use Passive voice
Reference to people should not be given
Use of technical terms and language relevants to the subjects

Exercise:

Part D page 11

Tsunami

Tsunami occurs when major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the earth crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land.

A tsunami washes ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning and damage to property. A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast traveling wave grows very large.

1. Tsunami happens because ....

Answer: fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips

2. What are the impacts of tsunami ?

Answer: disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning and damage to property

3. Mention the disturbance of tsunami!

Answer: The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the earth crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land

4. From second paragraph we know that ....

Answer: tsunami makes unfortunate event

5. The text mostly tells us about ....

Answer: why and how tsunami happens

Part E page 11-15

Teks Eksplanasi 1:

Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products.

In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.

Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.

Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m ( about 50 cu ft ) of landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees ( trees used to produce paper ).

1. The following things can be recycled, EXCEPT....

A. Precious metals

B. Broken glass

C. Old newspapers

D. Plastic spoons

E. Fresh vegetables and fruits

2. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of recycling?

A. It costs much money for the process of recycling

B. It costs less to make new products

C. It requires less energy

D. It can reduce pollution

E. It reduces the demand for high-pollution alternatives

3. What is the third step of recycling paper products?

A. Collect and search for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminium foil

B. Mix the paper with hot water in a blender which turns it into pulp

C. Screen and filter the pulp to remove smaller contaminants

D. Put the pulp to a large vat to separate the ink from the paper fibres

E. Mix the pulp with new wood fibres to be made into paper again

4. We can make use of the ink after being separated from the paper fibres by doing

the followings, EXCEPT....

A. Skim it off

B. Dry it

C. Reuse as ink

D. Burn as boiler fuel

E. Mix it with the pulp

Teks Explanasi 2

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion. The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.

5. What is the text about?

A. The digestive system

B. The digestive juice

C. The method of the digestive system

D. The process of intestine work

E. The food substances

6. How can we swallow the food easily?

A. The food changes into acids absorbed by the villi.

B. The food must be digested first through the process.

C. The food is directly swallowed through esophagus into the stomach.

D. The food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach.

E. The food we take must be changed into substances carried in the blood to

the places.

7. From the text above, we imply that ....

A. a good process of digestive system will help our body becoming healthier.

B. no one concerned with the process of digestive system for their health.

C. the digestive system is needed if we are eating the food instantly.

D. every body must conduct the processes of digestive system well.

E. the better we digest the food we eat, the healthier we will be.

8. Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. (Paragraph 1)

The phrase made up means ....

A. Produced

B. Managed

C. Arranged

D. Completed

E. Constructed

Teks Eksplanasi 3

Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article we’ll enter the amazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you’re eating. Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree’s seeds, also known as cocoa beans.

The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. It’s pure bitter chocolate.

9. The text is about ....

A. the cacao tree

B. the cacao beans

C. the raw chocolate

D. the making of chocolate

E. the flavour of chocolate

10. The third paragraph focuses on ....

A. the process of producing chocolate

B. how to produce the cocoa flavour

C. where chocolate comes from

D. the chocolate liquor

E. the cacao fruit

11. ...so they are often sorted and blended to produce ... (Paragraph 3.) The word sorted

has the closest meaning to ....

A. Arranged

B. Combined

C. Separated

D. Distributed

E. Organized

12. How does the chocolate maker start to make chocolate?

A. By fermenting the beans.

B. By roasting the beans

C. By blending the beans.

D. By sorting the beans.

E. By drying the beans

Teks Eksplanasi 4

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants. It is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. Green plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and other chemical compounds. How is the light used in photosynthesis?

The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.

What are the steps of photosynthesis process? Let me tell you the process of photosynthesis, in a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air, forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process. From sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosporus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.

13. What step after the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air ...

A. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.

B. Water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.

C. Food-making process that occurs in green plants.

D. Phosporus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life.

E. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process.

14. What are photosynthesis need ....

A. Water, light, oxygen, worm

B. Soil, chlorophyll, sun, human

C. Bug, air, oxigen, food

D. Light, Carbon dioxide, humus

E. Candle, vitamins, hydrogen

15. What the product of photosynthesis ....

A. Sugar

B. Food and O2

C. Root

D. Food

E. Branch

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Part 2

Language Rules for explanation text:

a. Active Voice

b. Passive Voice:

Present Simple
Present Progressive
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Future (Will)
Future (Going to)
Future Perfect

Flood

Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay attention to the following explanation.

The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land.

Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged.

This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.

Explanation text with structure:

Structure	Flood
Introduction	Then, do you know the process of how flood happens?
Opening Statement	Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims.
Explanation Sequence 1	The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land.
Explanation Sequence 2	Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged.
Conclution	This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.

Explanation text with Linguistic Features:

Flood	Linguistic Features
Then, do you know the process of how flood happens?	very often and cause (Conjuntion)
Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims.	Flooding is a disaster (Present Tense)
The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land.	preceded by rain (Pasive verbs)
Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged.	because the water carries along (Active Verbs)
This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.	theland and cause (Conjuntion)

Exercise:

Part D page 20-21

1. Mommy cleans the room every day.

A. The room was clean by mommy every day

B. The room is clean by mommy every day

C. The room is cleaned by mommy every day

D. Mommy is cleaned the room every day

E. The room was being cleaned by mommy every day

2. My uncle fixed the toy yesterday. The passive voice of the sentence is ....

A. My uncle was fixed the toy yesterday

B. The toy was fixed by my uncle yesterday

C. The toy was fix by my uncle yesterday

D. My uncle was being fixed the toy yesterday

E. The toy had been fixed by my uncle yesterday

3. Joe has taken a Mandarin course.

A. Joe has been taken a Mandarin course

B. A Mandarin course taken by Joe

C. A Mandarin course has been taken by Joe

D. Mandarin courses have taken by Joe

E. Mandarin course will be taken by Joe

4. In the 1920’s, this TV ....

A. is manufactured

B. was manufactured

C. will be manufactured

D. is going to manufactured

E. would manufacture

5. She ... to my wedding party.

A. are invited

B. have been invited

C. has been invited

D. invited

E. has invited

6. Her first novel ... tomorrow morning.

A. is launched

B. was launched

C. will be launched

D. has launched

E. have launched

Part E page 21

1. Give the generic structure of the text below by giving the name for every paragraph in boxes given.

Generic Structure	Explanation text
General Statement	Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil
Explanation Sequence	To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.
Explanation Sequence	The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules
Closed	This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

2. Write an explanation text telling about how rainbow is formed. Don’t forget to make a draft and include passive voices in your text.

Rainbow

Almost everyone very likes a natural phenomenon called the rainbow. To the extent that a lot of people create an art work like song, cake, and the other work after seeing the beautiful colors of the rainbow. But, do you know how the phenomenon of the appearance of the rainbow happens?

Rainbow occurs because of the refraction of light. The sunlight that shines in between the rain drops is refracted by the rain drops. This process separates the white light of the sunlight into a spectrum of different colors.

The spectrum of colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Or what we often memorize as the abbreviation "ROY G BIV / mejikuhibiniu.” Then the colors reflect in the back drops of rain, resulting the light which looks arched and becomes the rainbow.

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Part 3

Silkworms live for only two or three days after laying eggs. About 36,000 to 50,000 eggs are laid, and these are carefully stored at the silkworm farm until they are ready to hatch. The eggs hatch into caterpillars, which feed on mulberry leaves. Soon, the caterpillars are ready to spin their cocoons. Not all caterpillars can spin silk cocoons. Only the caterpillars of a silkworm moth known as ‘Bombyx mari’ can do such spinning. This caterpillar has special glands which secrete liquid silk through its lower lip. The liquid produced later hardens to form tine strands.

The caterpillar makes its cocoons using these strands. The threads on the outside of the cocoon are rough, while those inside are soft and smooth.

Some fully-spun cocoons are heated. This kills the pupa inside. The cocoons are then put into hot water to loosen the fine threads. Finally, these threads are reeled off the cocoons.

The length of unbroken thread produced by a single cocoon measures about one-and-a-half kilometers. Being twisted together several of these threads make single woven materials.

1. What is the purpose of the text ……..

A. To persuade readers to buy silk.

B. To put silk into different categories.

C. To entertain readers with the knowledge.

D. To present some points of view about silk.

E. To describe how silk comes into existence.

Answer: E

2. How are the threads on the outside of the cocoon ……..

A. Fine.

B. Soft.

C. Rough.

D. Strong.

E. Smooth.

Answer: C

3.What are mulberry leaves for ……..

A. Feeding caterpillars

B. Spinning cocoons.

C. Storing threads.

D. Hatching eggs.

E. Laying eggs.

Answer: A

A kite is an object which is made from a light material stretched over a frame. Due to its light material a kite will lift off the ground and fly when it is tilted into the wind.

A kite is uses wind to make it fly because it is heavier than air. When wind travels over the surface of the kite, it is split into two streams of air. One stream of the air goes over the kite while the second stream goes under the kite.

The upper stream above the kite. The lower stream hits the kite at a shallow angle and creates an area of high pressure.

The high pressure area has a pushing effect while the low pressure area has a pulling effect. The combination of push and pull can creates enough force to lift the kite into the air.

Kites have been known for thousand of years. They are used for military or scientific purposes. Todays kites are much used for leisure and competition.

4. What media which use by kite to fly?

A. Air

B. Water

C. Ground

D. Light

E. Wind

Answer : E. Wind

5. How many stream of air if we want the kite flying?

A. Two

B. One

C. Four

D. Three

E. There is no stream

Answer: A

Conclusion:

1. In compiling an explanatory text, there are linguistic elements that must be considered

namely: the use of passive and tense sentences.

Rules for changing Active Voice to Passive one:

Identify the Subject, the Verb and the Object
Change the subject into Subject
Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case the helping verb is given, use the same verb but note that the helping verb given agrees with the Object.
Change the Verb into the past participle form
Add the preposition by
Change the Subject into Object

Examples: